Participant Observation Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Member Observation Assignment - Essay Example The examination addresses planned in this paper are chiefly founded on exact perception, that is, data picked up by methods for watching, tests or by playing out some exploration study. This field work has been led on August 6, 2009 during 10.30 AM and 12.35 PM. The excursion for perception task began from Hudson, NY station and finished at NY-Penn Station. The train chose for this perception task is Empire Service-Eastbound train (which is running Mondays through Saturdays) whose number is 280. The source station of this train is Niagara Falls, NY, the takeoff time from this station is 3.45 AM and its appearance time in the goal station New York, NY-Penn Station is12.35 PM. Metros in New York are the quickest method to go around the New York City. It is hard for the fresher to go through New York metros. On the off chance that one isn't cautious, at that point one would think that its exceptionally hard to arrive at the goal. On the off chance that one doesn't think about the standards and guidelines that should be followed in the trams, at that point one would think that its difficult to go through the metros. Here, it very well may be seen that a few people are getting some information about the course, or the highway one needs to take for arriving at explicit goals. Individuals in New York help other people to sift through their issues in agreeable way. Another significant thing about individuals in New York is the majority of them are confounded with regards to which course they have to go to arrive at their goal. In the stages, it is recognizable that a wide range of individuals are available, for example, youngsters, moderately aged individuals, o ld matured individuals, families and so on. A few people are looking on the guide which is put close to the passageways; they are sifting through their questions themselves without asking to anyone. By watching their outward appearances, it might be presumed that they are not all that unmistakable about whether they have gathered what they had to know. Time is 10.15 AM. The train to New York, NY-Penn Station will reach

Catholic Church and Ultima’s mystical folklore Essay Example for Free

Catholic Church and Ultima’s magical legends Essay The epic â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya is peaceful, whole-world destroying and, simultaneously, heartbreaking story uncovering the mind boggling nature of human relations and equivocalness of the world. The tale shows perusers not to meddle with the predetermination of any individual not to change the enormous request. Notwithstanding, Ultima sets out to impact the fate and her passing toward the finish of the novel is symbolical portrayal that each individual ought to be liable for his own activities. The creator depicts relations between an old healer Ultima and a little fellow Antonio who is looking for truth. The epic can be characterized as whole-world destroying as the creator outlines that biculturalism prompts inescapable clash among societies and religions. I feel that the novel has a place with Chicano writing being somewhat famous in 1965-1975s. Be that as it may, it very well may be viewed as social novel which will in general investigate self-improvement, character and ethnic personality on the planet loaded up with race and ethnic separation. The epic is rich story weaving numerous subjects and sub-topics together permitting perusers for various understandings. Along these lines, the goals of the paper are to investigate author’s composing style, relations among Antonio and Ultima, to distinguish primary subjects and images, and to examine the topic of collection of memoirs. â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima†: Analysis I believe that the novel â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† can be broke down from alternate points of view and from numerous edges. The tale is a rich scholarly work managing social changes, intellectual and mental improvement of primary saints, strict issues, and so forth. Also, the novel weaves social clashes and arrangement of ethnic character into acceptable and reasonable story representing the smoothes and roughs of Antonio’s life †the primary legend. From one viewpoint, the novel can be viewed as romance book as it talks about cultural period through legend creation. Then again, the novel can be viewed as social novel as it depicts chronicled struggle among towns and restricts race segregation in the United States. Moreover, the novel can be characterized as Chicano writing as it advances prophetically catastrophic thoughts and states of mind. The epic presents fruitful foundation for examination as the creator utilizes rich subjects and images to show the existence go of a youthful phenomenal kid. Composing Style The creator consolidates incredible and distinctive pictures to introduce the variety and vagueness of reactions. As such, Anaya utilizes prophetic dreams, scenes of tomfoolery among kids, ideal scenes introducing concordance and regular equalization, otherworldly dynamism, scenes of viciousness and demise as symbolism to make solid impression and to make individuals think whether the world we see is genuine one and what the fate of the individual is. Be that as it may, the novel will in general uncover whether it is allowable to change human fate. Anaya utilizes solid symbolism to show that characters and nature are unequivocally integrated making alleged common continuum. Anaya alludes to strategy of abuse when composing the novel so as to make staggered struggle. For instance, Antonio’s guardians have contradicting foundations, perspectives and desires. Further, strict are restricted in their convictions, qualities and requests on the person. Inestimable constrained are paired as they represent unceasing battle between the great and the malevolence. At long last, the creator compares types of nature saying they can pick whether to make soil dry or fruitful. The epic depends on clashes †social, mental, physical and social. Antonio’s life is additionally a contention. The epic is additionally founded on tripartites. It implies that all levels and things are happening in purported ‘threes’. For instance, there are three societies in the novel, three Trementina sisters, three siblings, three Comanche spirits, three prophetic dreams, three Ultima’s endeavors to distinguish her ethnicity, and three Ultima’s impedance in the life of others. Numerology is focal in structure of the plot. Issue of Autobiography I feel that â€Å"bless Me, Ultima† can be characterized as semi self-portraying novel as the storyteller alludes to ‘I’ style demonstrating that the novel is produced from individual experience or experience of the more youthful ‘I’. The tale is told by develop Antonio who offers encounters of being a little fellow. In addition, the encounters are transmitted in adolescent way and it might appear that the story is told by a six-year-old kid. One all the more fascinating reality is that the creator says that he needed to allude to his own encounters and encounters of other kids to develop the story. Regardless of the way that the novel is semi true to life, the perusers aren’t permitted to separate the genuine and envisioned occasions as the creator speaks to everything as fiction. I imagine that the creator bases the story on rich interpretive of individual encounters, yet he ably conceals this reality. Relations among Antonio and Ultima Antonio is the fundamental saint in the novel who chose to accommodate his clashing strict and social character. Antonio is just six years of age, however he is phenomenal kid with addressing mind, energy about existence, and good interest. Antonio is more genuine than other offspring of his age, he is progressively touchy to vagueness of the world and clashing social customs. Anaya shows that Antonio is disturbed about his questionable fate and he is happy to comprehend the world. After the passing of one of the town’s occupants Antonio appears to dive into emergency of the confidence and just because he questions legitimacy of the Catholic confidence. Thusly, want to uncover reality can be characterized as perhaps the most grounded segment of his character as his craving prompts enthusiasm for wrongdoing, demise, honesty, and the idea of God. Antonio is creating to development all through the novel movement and it is Ultima who instructs how to remain ethically autonomous, to get information from every single accessible convention and to abstain from biases and restrictions. Ultima drives Antonio to his physical and mental development. Ultima encourages him to determine numerous contentions and to decide his future. Old healer Ultima speaks to the ethical framework which Anaya bolsters. Connections among Antonio and Ultima are the most significant bond in the novel. Ultima is Antonio’s tutor helping him to beat troubles and to adapt to nerves and vulnerabilities. Relations between primary characters can be characterized even as otherworldly. Ultima introduces herself as the attendant of Antonio’s fate and starts assuming focal job in his life and mind. She utilizes her capacity of impacting to make Antonio consider himself and make his own feeling of profound quality. Ultima joins information on both Catholic and indigenous customs. She feels that otherworldliness and life are tied. By the by, we see that Catholic Church dismisses her enchanted force, and Ultima regards its shrewdness going to mass consistently. Ultima educates to acknowledge similarly numerous confidence and points of view as every individual is involved with rights to settle on free good choices. Ultima imparts resistance, receptiveness and freedom in Antonio’s confidence. Ultima approaches Antonio with deference and comprehension, in spite of he is a little kid. Toward the finish of the novel Antonio is treated as profound accomplice and Ultima requests to cover the owl which represents her own demise. Ultima passes on, yet her soul keeps on controlling Antonio for a mind-blowing duration. Primary Themes Initially, the creator focuses on the significance of good freedom as nobody has the options to meddle with the fate of others. Anaya underlines rights to think freely and to settle on up moral choices. In the novel Antonio’s progress is simply the indication of development and improvement. Antonio continually battles to settle on his own choices and he understands that unpredictable experience of religion has compelled to adjust his perspectives. Antonio is truly baffled when he understands that the congregation has fizzled and squeezing inquiries regarding human profound quality rise in his mind. We see that Ultima turns into his guide and instructs about profound quality and autonomy. In addition, Ultima clarifies vagueness of life focusing on that life can be seen just as far as culture and religion. Social and strict customs are significant, yet they compel human capacities to be ethically autonomous. Antonio understands that he should discover replies about underhanded, great, soul, absolution and truth himself. Once Antonio has submitted deadly mix-up, when he accepted that the Communion ceremonial had the option to respond to all inquiries. Rather, Ultima instructs Antonio to settle on choices and decisions himself. Furthermore, the creator recognizes the impact of culture on personality. In the novel Anaya investigates the contention between social conventions which neglect to exist together as one culture will in general rule others and bad habit stanza. Be that as it may, at long last we see that the creator offers new arrangement †he contends that few social conventions can make increasingly versatile personality. For instance, Antonio figures out how to discover replies as his life has been affected by a few continually clashing societies. The main clash was with his folks as Antonio’s mother needed him to turn into a cleric, though his dads needed Antonio to ride the llano. The issue was that guardians had distinctive social feelings. The following clash is seen inside Antonio’s local town where Spanish culture is battling with other culture. The contention is introduced in strains between the Catholic Church and Ultima’s otherworldly legends. I feel that through such clashes the creator investigates the impact of culture on character development. Anaya shows that numerous characters in the story are restricted by social partialities and they have neglected to look past

OCD and Intimate Relationships

OCD and Intimate Relationships OCD Living With OCD Print OCD and Intimate Relationships By LuAnn Pierce, LCSW, is a licensed clinical social worker who has worked in the field of mental health and human services for over 25 years. Learn about our editorial policy LuAnn Pierce, LCSW Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 30, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 16, 2020 Getty Images/PhotoAlto/Frederic Cirou More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can affect all areas of life. Many who have OCD choose not to date and avoid intimate relationships.?? There are many reasons people resort to this choice; chief among them is the desire to prevent or lessen their anxiety through avoidance of stressful situations. Fortunately, there are other ways to cope that are less extreme. Relationships and Stress Intimate relationships can be stressful for many peopleâ€"with or without OCD. But the usual relationship stresses that affect most of usâ€"fear of rejection, loss of identity, previous failed relationships, performance anxiety, and body acceptance issuesâ€"are often amplified for those with this type of anxiety disorder.?? Obsessions that have to do with the loss of control, body image, fear of germs and contamination, anxiety related to physical closeness or being touched, and fear of loss or abandonment, may be easily triggered by intimate relationships. Feelings of self-consciousness and shame are often immobilizing.?? Trying to hide symptoms like counting or hand-washing can exacerbate anxiety. Social Anxiety and Overstimulation Additionally, many people with anxiety report feeling overwhelmed by social situations, particularly when theres a sexual attraction. While many become tongue-tied or flustered when in the company of someone theyre attracted to, those with OCD often experience panic attacks or related symptoms that can be embarrassing or emotionally paralyzing.?? Sex and Sexual Functioning Issues related to sex and sexual functioning are also common concerns for those with OCD.?? Some of the medications used to treat anxiety have sexual side effects. Many who experience obsessions related to hygiene or contamination can find it very difficult to engage in sexual relations. Those who become over-stimulated when people are in their personal space can be especially concerned with thoughts or even cuddling.?? Long-Distance and Online Dating Many people, even those whove never struggled with obsessive thoughts or compulsive behavior, find the uncertainty of long-distance relationships and online dating to be very stressful. Those with OCD may find these relationships to be especially difficult. Its not unusual for the stress to create high levels of anxiety. Coping With Anxiety and Stress Avoiding stressful situations is one way to cope with anxiety, but it can be very limiting when it comes to intimate relationships. There are other ways of managing stress and anxiety in relationships that are worth exploring. Medication: Talk to your prescriber about your specific symptoms with regard to intimacy and relationships???. In addition to your regular medication, he or she may determine that you can benefit from something to take as needed for high-stress situations, such as dating or sexual intimacy. Mindfulness: Mindfulness is a specific type of meditation that teaches us how to focus our attention and release our thoughts. This practice is used in the treatment of many mental health disorders.?? Its particularly effective in training the mind to observe and release thoughts without judging them as good or bad. Those who practice mindfulness find theyre able to better recognize when theyre ruminating or obsessing, and learn to release thoughts as often as necessary. Part of the teaching is that our minds are always busy, and thinking is what minds do. The skill is in recognizing when we are caught up in our thoughts  and letting them go when this happens. Experienced meditators know that we seldom, if ever, have an empty mind devoid of thoughts. Relaxation Skills: Deep breathing, guided imagery, and contracting and releasing different muscle groups (progressive muscle relaxation) are also effective ways of releasing and preventing anxiety.?? Yoga, tai chi, and other martial arts training can also help you learn to focus your thoughts and release tension in your body. Most of these include learning to use your breath effectively. Its believed that anxiety cant reside in your body if your muscles are relaxed. Good Communication: Knowing what you want to say is only part of the equation of good communication. Its also important to know how to say it and when to say it. Talk with your therapist or a trusted friend about what, how, and when to discuss your OCD with potential love interests.?? Timing is important, so take it slow with new prospects. Role Play: Practicing what you want to say about a stressful topic, even if you have to use a script, can relieve anxiety for some people. Once you develop a strategy and the language you want to use to talk about your OCD, practice with a therapist or friend until you feel comfortable. You don’t have to use the same words verbatim, but feeling prepared can take the edge off of an uncomfortable situation.?? When Your Partner Has OCD All relationships have their challenges, but dating someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder can bring up some unique considerations. Some things that you can to that can help make your relationship stronger:?? Learn About OCD It can be helpful to learn more about the symptoms of OCD as well as understanding some of the treatments that are available. Not everyone experiences the same symptoms, but knowing what you might expect can make it easier to be supportive and understanding of what your partner is experiencing. Be Empathetic Dont expect your partner to be willing to share everything they are experiencing, particularly at the beginning of the relationship. As you build trust and intimacy, your partner may begin to share more of their anxieties. A Word From Verywell Its critical to choose your partners carefully. One of the keys to a successful relationship is choosing someone you can be open and honest with about yourself, including the things that make you feel vulnerable. That being said, disclosing your OCD on the first date may not be the best idea. Talk it out with someone you trust and come up with a strategy and the right words for talking about OCD. Advice for Dating Someone With OCD

Security Considerations for Cloud Computing - 1973 Words

Security Considerations for Cloud Computing Carlos Chandler Abstract Cloud computing is an emerging Information Technology (IT) model whereby a company utilizes a pay-per-use service for it computing needs rather than maintain a local data center run by its in-house IT department. By treating computing resources as a commodity or operating expense, it allows firms to focus less on IT and more on the core elements of the operations strategy. Because of advantages like this, its popularity has grown exponentially in recent years. However, cloud computing also has certain inherent risks in its present form. This paper seeks to understand the key advantages driving businesses to adopt this computing model in ever increasing numbers,†¦show more content†¦Lastly, cloud computing makes possible all kinds of operations innovations since the businesses computing resources are now accessed over the internet, and is thereby available to users anywhere that has internet access. Despite these advantages, cloud computing carries with it some inherent risks that need to be evaluated before a firm makes the decision to adopt this computing model. In order to eschew the in-house data center and IT department for a cloud-based solution, a business must hand over its most sensitive data to a third party service provider—this requirement carries with it major drawbacks, as we will see. A recently conducted survey of nearly 300 IT Experts done by the Journal of Computer Information Systems found the three primary concerns are loss governance, service availability, and information security (Dutta, Peng, amp; Choudhary, 2013). Loss of Governance One of the unavoidable risks in cloud computing is the loss of governance of the firm’s data. The business must hand over the processing of its most sensitive data to a third party service provider whose computers could be anywhere in the world. This means the oversight and enforcement of access controls to company data usually afforded by in-house IT departments is bypassed, as observed by researchers doing a case study of Swiss companies (Brender amp; Markov, 2013). As vendors seek locations where labor and electricity are at lower costs, data may beShow MoreRelatedThe Core Components Of Cloud Computing1344 Words   |  6 PagesCloud computing allows organizations in multiple sectors to maximize their resources. Individual consumers have already shifted their email and data storage to the cloud, as with web-based email and file sharing applications like Dropbox. Enterprise-level cloud computing presents additional benefits that allow companies of all sizes to remain flex ible in their use of IT services. Cloud-based computing also precludes heavy investment in initial technologies or proprietary systems, shifting to a pay-per-useRead MoreCloud Computing Security : Context Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesCloud Computing Security Context Everyone has an opinion on what is cloud computing. It can be the ability to rent a server or a thousand servers. It can be the ability to rent a virtual server, load software on it, turn it on and off at will. It can be storing and securing large amounts of data that is accessible only by authorized applications and users. Cloud computing can be the ability to use applications on the Internet that store and protect data while providing a service anything includingRead MoreCloud Computing Technology On The Rise1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe trend of utilizing cloud computing technology in education is on the rise. However, with most technical applications there are always limitations, opportunities, and special considerations. Each of these will be examined in further detail below. Limitations of Pearson’s cloud computing include ownership, liability, and security. The ownership of files stored on clouds can be questioned. In the event a cloud computing company chooses to end their service, there isn’t much a customer can do. ThisRead MoreThe Goal Of Cloud Computing1194 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Cloud computing is an internet based computing that depends on sharing computing with other resources rather than local servers or personal devices to handle applications. Cloud computing has fundamentally changed the way people view computing resources; rather than being an important capital consideration (Navavati, M., Colp, P., Aiello, B., Warefield, A. (2014)). Cloud computing offers many potential benefits to organizations by making information technology (IT) services availableRead MoreThe Benefits Of Using Cloud Computing1630 Words   |  7 PagesUsing Cloud Computing Abstract Cloud computing is a technology trend which is enabling and driving new markets in technology. Cloud computing refers to the idea of delivering personal (email, word processing, presentations, etc.) and business productivity applications (sales force automation, customer service, accounting, etc.) from centralized servers that share resources like storage, processing and bandwidth more efficiently by a cost factor of at least 5-10x. Cloud computingRead MoreCloud Computing Case Study1078 Words   |  5 PagesCloud computing is the collective use of remote servers to handle data, rather than having a local server/computer handling the data. Cloud services provide a lot of convenience to businesses and personal use, because it alleviates the need for costly personal servers/ server maintenance. The issue with implementing this into a business, however, is the dependence on another company’s servers. It also faces security issues such as: lack of direct, physical control over the servers the company usesRead MoreCloud Computing As A Viable Enterprise Technology Solution1344 Words   |  6 PagesCloud computing is steadily increasing as a viable enterprise technology solution. Information technology literature reports an expected boost in enterprise adoption of cloud computing in the next few years. Business plans to transition operations to cloud computing are also commonly reported. Despite these trends, there are many businesses that remain skeptical of the benefits of cloud computing and continue to support information systems in an on-site location. Careful planning and due diligenceRead MoreThe Banking Industry And Cloud Computing Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesBanking Industry and Cloud Computing Banks are facing increased pressure to streamline their current processes and trim operating costs, while also responding to more demanding, digitally connected customers (Adams, 2012). Many banks are even looking at new technologies and IT delivery models such as cloud computing to help address these issues. Banks have many reasons to like the cloud, such as cost efficiency, standardization and consistency (Dragon, 2013). Banks are embracing the cloud more and moreRead MoreThe Evolution of the Computer to the Cloud Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pagesthe needs of sending secure data over the Internet is called cloud computing. With PCs, cloud computing has evolved to another level making it easier and simpler to use and provide others with secure information. One problem that is faced by cloud computing organization is the doubt of it keeping files secured. Security reasons are the main concern for cloud computing since everything is over the Internet. On the other hand, cloud computing is transforming problem solving. For example, thirty yearsRead MoreCloud Computing : An Issue Word And Examination Style Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesCloud Computing: Cloud computing can be illustrated as an issue word and examination style. It is seen as one of the quickest developing portions in the processing business that will assume control and influence numerous or most parts of registering. Simply after this build-up it is not difficult to see that cloud computing can prompt various moral issues. The clearest one is security which can emerge as an issue when clients store individual information in mists and lose control of who has which

Essay about Information about Financial Aid - 1063 Words

Financial Aid Financial aid is money in the form of loans, grants and employment that is available to a student to help pay the cost of attending. Financial aid comes from the federal government, which is the largest provider of aid, as well as state government, the school and a variety of other public and private sources. If you think your educational expenses are more than you and your family can afford, you should apply for financial aid using the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). You will need to apply for financial aid every year by completing a FAFSA. The FAFSA includes all the information necessary to determine your eligibility and must be completed if you want to be considered for any of the federal programs†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (SEOG) - This grant is available only to undergraduates having the greatest financial need. Awarded on a first-come first-served basis by the Office of Financial Aid until all federally allocated funds are awarded. †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Oklahoma Tuition Aid Grant (OTAG) - OTAG is available to Oklahoma residents. Awards are made by the Oklahoma State Regents based on the information provided on the FAFSA. Recipients will receive an award notification from the Oklahoma Tuition Aid Grant Program. Early application, prior to April 15th is requested. For more information, please call the OTAG program directly at 405-234-4356. LOANS - borrowed money that has to be paid back over a period of time, after the student ceases to be less than a halftime student. Loans offered at: †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Subsidized Stafford Loan - (Formerly Guaranteed Student Loan) Federal Stafford Loan funds are borrowed from a lending institution (e.g., a bank or credit union). Eligibility for this low interest loan is based on financial need. Students must be enrolled at least halftime to receive a loan. The borrower should check with the organization that holds the loan for the interest rate. Repayment begins six months after enrollment drops below half time. The federal government pays the interest on this subsidized loan while the student is in school or in deferment.Show MoreRelatedOverview (Salinas):. Kean University Is A Public University1694 Words   |  7 PagesOffice of Financial Aid. The Office of Financial Aid is devoted to offering different services and information to students attending Kean. Located on first floor of the Administration Building, The Office of Financial Aid is open Monday through Saturday and offers phone hours Monday through Friday. S tudents can schedule an appointment, where they will have a chance to sit and speak with a financial counselor. Students who attend Kean, can follow updates from The Office of Financial Aid through theirRead MoreApplicants With Questions982 Words   |  4 Pagesmultiple areas for students to find information to answer their questions or concerns. If the student had questions concerning what to do before applying to college, there was a section that had information on how to choose a career or school, budgeting, how to be financially responsible, and etc. (U. S. Department of Education, n.d.-d). Under this section, there was also a link for other help options (U. S. Department of Education, n.d.-d). This area provided information where the student could find additionalRead MoreSoftwares Used by Kean University’s Offices702 Words   |  3 PagesKean University’s offices of Financial Aid, Registrar, and Student Accounting. In interviewing Scott Martin, in the office of Computer and Information Services, our group has gained insight into what the department does and how, along wit h how the procedures could be improved. We also interviewed Mukesh Patel, who is in oversees information system operations for the Office of Financial Aid. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss how Kean has used information systems and databases to improveRead MoreThe Cost Of A Higher Education958 Words   |  4 Pages2015, p. A14). According to new reports, 27.3% of student loans are delinquent and that on average a student’s loan debts is roughly a little over $20,000. (Investor’s Business, 2015, p. A14). Block (2014) says that about 40% of loan borrowers had a balance less than $10,000 and that about 3.7% had balances that were over $100,000. Although these numbers can seem daunting and a little disconcerting, with the right knowledge and education, students can obtain their degrees and have minimal debt toRead MoreEssay on Marketing Research Example1738 Words   |  7 PagesJoBDeK Research will perform research to collect and compile data regarding the Blackhawk Technical College Financial Aid Department’s service and favorability among current students. Our goal is to answer the question â€Å"What are students’ attitudes towards the Financial Aid Department at Blackhawk Technical College?† We will be looking for satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the Financial Aid Department at Blackhawk Technical College. We at JoBDeK have started the marketing research process byRead MoreCollege Is Not For College1486 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their college education. Early exposure to college provides a practical solution to this problem. While ninth grade is typically viewed as a good time to start thinking about college, it would be more beneficial to students if they started before then in middle school. Students would receive information about financial aid and admissions. They would be able to plan which classes to take and activities to join in high school in order to obtain scholarships and admission. Completing these actionsRead MoreCollege Enrollment Versus College Students Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious articles related to academic undermatching, we found a variety of reasons. In what follows, we will explore—in relation to underrepresented students—the way different methods of conducting research may affect data, how access to information about financial aid affects college selection, the role of college-going culture in high schools, and issues related to student autonomy in choosing which college to attend. Ultimately, we find that academic undermatching is a complex issue that needs a definitiveRead MoreAvoiding Using Student Loan932 Words   |  4 Pagesthe problem is not solely about going to either a cheaper or expensive college, it is about building an effective financial plan towards whatever kind of college you choose. Financial aid is available for this course, but accepting student loans should be generally avoided. I believe college students need to be aware of the abundant means available to pay for college aside utilizing student loan; college students should regard accepting student loan as a last financial resort. Many people would acceptRead MoreCredit Union Case Study748 Words   |  3 Pagessecurity is paramount in notifying the membership of current trending phishing and other cyber-attacks to help protect the members as well as our financial stature. These three messages that the potential member will spend less, save more, and be secure are the prominent messages found throughout the credit union’s outreaches. (About PSECU, n.d.) As financial organizations are beginning to offer similar offerings, PSECU can edge out banks and many credit unions through its reduced rates and fees dueRead MoreShould College Be Necessary For A Decent Job?968 Words   |  4 Pagesactually need by misinforming and neglecting important information the students and their families. (Asher) According to â€Å"Student Debt State Policies leave Families with Few Good Options,† students are commonly pressured into requesting student loans that they do not actually need by corporations in the way of leaving families with few other options for financing college tuition except by obtaining scholarships, grants, and other financial aid which they convince students is very difficult to receive

Effect van EPO Free Essays

string(88) " eerst in Europa Te krijgen was, 1987, zijn er vijf nederslandse wielrenners gestorven\." Inleiding Het hoofddoel new wave dot onderzoek is onderzoeken wat het consequence new wave EPO is op je sportprestaties. Dit zal worden onderzocht met behulp new wave een aantal deelvragen. Ten eerste zal Er worden gekeken naar het consequence new wave EPO op heated menselijk lichaam. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect van EPO or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ten tweede zal Er antwoord worden gegeven op hoe EPO je sportprestaties be amp ; iuml ; nvloed. En tot slot kijken we bij welke sporten EPO het meeste consequence heeft. Door het beantwoorden new wave deze vragen zal Er antwoord worden gegeven op de hoofdvraag ; Wat is heated consequence new wave EPO op je sportprestaties? Er wordt straks eerst een kleine uitleg gegeven over wat EPO nou eigenlijk is, en wat voor consequence EPO op je lichaam heeft. Vervolgens wordt Er uitgelegd wat de gevaren van EPO zijn en hoe ze in topsport de controle uitvoeren op het gebruik new wave EPO. Daarna zal Er uitgelegd worden hoe je op andere manieren ook hetzelfde consequence van cre A ; euml ; ren ALSs dat EPO op je lichaam heeft. In hoofdstuk 6 zal kort worden aangetoond digital audiotape Er verschillende soorten EPO zijn, van verschillende generaties. In heated laatste hoofdstuk zal Er worden gekeken bij welke sporten EPO nou het meest effectief is en zullen Er enkele voorbeelden new wave EPO gebruikers worden gegeven. Tot slot volgt Er een conclusie met heated antwoord op de deelvragen en de hoofdvraag. EPO EPO, ook wel Erytropo A ; euml ; tine of hematopoietine genoemd. is een hormoon digital audiotape in de nieren en lever wordt geproduceerd en dat de aanmaak van rode bloedcellen stimuleerd. EPO is een glycoprote A ; iuml ; Ne. Erytropo A ; euml ; tine wordt door het menselijke lichaam gemaakt, maar kan ook in laboratoria gefabriceerd worden, en is dan een vorm new wave rhEPO ( recombinante humane erytropo A ; euml ; tine ) bekend onder merknamen ALSs Eprex, Mircera etc. Menselijke nieren maken de stof ALSs reactie op een lage zuurstofspanning zoals bij anemie wordt gezien. Oorspronkelijk werd de stof dan ook gesynthetiseerd ALSs geneesmiddel voor mensen met niet goed functionerende nieren, die ondanks kunstnierbehandeling bijna allemaal bloedarmoede kregen door een gebrek aan epo. Door dot Te geven kon de bloedarmoede worden gecorrigeerd. Ook kankerpati A ; euml ; nten kunnen tijdens de chemokuur epo toegediend krijgen tegen bloedarmoede, dot is nodig omdat door de chemokuur rode bloedlichaampjes in het lichaam kapot worden gemaakt. Wat doet EPO? Bloed bestaat uit rode bloedcellen, witte bloedcellen, bloedplasma en nog enkele andere deeltjes. EPO stimuleert de aanmaak van rode bloedcellen en verhoogt heated totale bloedvolume ; EPO zorgt dus voor meer bloed in het lichaam. Rode bloedcellen zorgen voor het conveyance new wave zuurstof in het hele lichaam. Een rode bloedcel bevat bepaalde structuren, die hemoglobines worden genoemd. Deze structuren in de bloedcel binden zuurstof aan zich ( figuur 2 ) . Sporters met veel rode bloedcellen voorzien Hun spieren dus beter new wave zuurstof. Als je gaat sporten, wordt er door je spieren melkzuur gemaakt. Melkzuur wordt vooral aangemaakt onder anaerobe omstandigheden. Anaeroob betekent zonder zuurstof. De spieren zorgen dus voor energie om Te bewegen, zonder digital audiotape ze daarbij zuurstof gebruiken. Dit gebeurt alleen ALSs het bloed niet genoeg zuurstof kan vervoeren naar de spieren, want het is erg ongunstig. Een sporter kan hierdoor namelijk verzuren. Bij verzuring is heated gehalte melkzuur in de spieren zo hoog, digital audiotape je spieren eigenlijk niet meer willen bewegen. Dit kan leiden tot vermoeidheid en kramp. Spieren gaan dus alleen anaeroob werken ALSs het genuine moet. Een sporter dice EPO gebruikt, kan meer zuurstof vervoeren en zal dus minder snel verzuren dan een sporter dice geen EPO gebruikt. De spieren krijgen meer zuurstof aangeleverd en hoeven dus niet anaeroob Te werken. Als het totaal aan rode bloedcellen en heated totale bloedvolume stijgt, heeft dat ook enkele voordelen voor het lopen of fietsen new wave wedstrijden bij warm weer. Als je intensief beweegt terwijl het erg warm is, koelt het lichaam zichzelf af door meer bloed naar de oppervlakte van de huid Te laten gaan. Doordat het bloed meer aan de oppervlakte pimple, koelt heated sneller af dan digital audiotape het in heated dieper in het lichaam pimple. Dit bloed, aan de oppervlakte, gaat 10 koste new wave het bloed dat zuurstof naar de spieren moet vervoeren. Er is dus tekort bloed beschikbaar om de spieren van voldoende zuurstof Te voorzien. EPO zorgt ervoor digital audiotape het lichaam meer bloed tot zijn beschikking heeft, zodat de spieren, zelfs in de hitte, nog wel zuurstof krijgen. Een ander voordeel is dat er meer H2O in het lichaam is. Bloedplasma bestaat vooral uit H2O, en maakt deel uit new wave het bloed. Dus ALSs het bloedvolume groter is geworden door het gebruik new wave EPO, is ook de hoeveelheid H2O in het lichaam groter. De waterreserve, dice wordt gebruikt bij wedstrijden, is dus groter. Een sporter dice EPO gebruikt kan dus beter tegen de hitte dan een sporter dice niet gebruikt om twee redenen. De eerste is dat hij minder snel verzuurt doordat Er nog genoeg bloed is om zuurstof Te vervoeren. De tweede reden is dat hij meer H2O heeft in zijn lichaam en dus minder snel uitdroogt. Het consequence new wave EPO kan ongeveer drie maanden duren. Gevaren new wave EPO Als je meer vaste stof aan een oplossing toevoegt, wordt de oplossing dikker. Als er nu meer rode bloedcellen worden gemaakt ( een vaste stof ) , wordt het bloed ( oplossing ) dikker.Het bloed new wave een sporter dice EPO gebruikt wordt dus dikker. Het bloed moet door allerlei hele dunne aders in het lichaam, ook naar de hersenen en het Hart. Als het bloed nu heel dik is, kan het niet meer goed door de aderen stromen en hoopt het op. De gevolgen hiervan kunnen zeer ernstig zijn. De sporter kan een hartaanval krijgen of een beroerte en dood gaan. Dit is al een enkele keren gebeurd. In heated jaar digital audiotape EPO voor het eerst in Europa Te krijgen was, 1987, zijn er vijf nederslandse wielrenners gestorven. You read "Effect van EPO" in category "Essay examples" Ook in de rest new wave Europa zijn er doden gevallen. Als er sprake is van een hogere temperatuur ontstaat Er een ander gevaar. Als de sporter zweet verliest hij vocht waardoor het bloed N A ; oacute ; g dikker. Hierdoor wordt de kans op een hartaanval of beroerte voor de EPO gebruiker dus N A ; oacute ; g groter wordt. Als het erg warm is, verliest het lichaam veel H2O. Het bloed wordt dan peg dikker en het risico new wave een hartaanval of beroerte is dan zoals net ook Al genoemd nog groter. Hoe controleert work forces op heated gebruik new wave EPO? EPO lijkt ALSs twee druppels H2O op het echte hormoon.Het EPO-molecuul is exact hetzelfde aan het hormoon digital audiotape in de nieren wordt geproduceerd. Bij toediening new wave EPO aan een pati A ; euml ; nt treedt er dan ook geen afweerreactie op, omdat deze stof Al lichaamseigen is, er worden dus ook geen antistoffen tegen EPO gevormd en het medicijn heeft ook nauwelijks bijwerkingen. Bovendien is heated gebruik new wave EPO al na drie dagen niet meer Te achterhalen. Er zijn geen stoffen meer in de piss of in het bloed Te vinden. Het is dan ook ook erg moeilijk het gebruik Te controleren. Daarom heeft de Medische Commissie new wave het IOC, het Internationaal Olympisch Comite, iets anders bedacht om het gebruik tegen Te gaan. Er wordt een ‘gezondheidscontrole ‘ gedaan. Er wordt bij sporters voor de wedstrijd bloed afgenomen en daarvan bepaalt work forces het per centum rode bloedcellen. Bij een normaal persoon ligt het per centum rond de 42 % . Als heated per centum bij een sporter hoger is dan 50 % , mag hij om twee redenen niet starten. Ten eerste is heated gevaarlijk om met zo’n hoog per centum Te starten. Het risico new wave een hartaanval of beroerte is te groot. Ten tweede is heated zo ongewoon hoog, digital audiotape het zeer waarschijnlijk is dat de sporter EPO heeft gebruikt. Sommige sporters beweren dat ze new wave nature zo’n hoog per centum rode bloedcellen hebben en worden dus onterecht bestraft. In bovenstaande bron is te zien wat de samenstelling is van heated bloed new wave een normaal persoon. We zien dat het gemiddelde per centum rode bloedcellen ongeveer 43 % is. Als er na heated afnemen van heated bloed new wave een sporter blijkt digital audiotape het per centum rode bloedcellen hoger is dan 50 % , mag de sporter niet meer deelnemen aan de desbetreffende wedstrijd, en zal er een onderzoek worden gestart. Omdat ALSs het per centum rode bloedcellen boven de 50 % ligt dan is er een kans dat de sporter EPO heeft gebruikt, ook is heated gevaarlijk om Te starten. Een hoog per centum aan rode bloedcellen vergroot namelijk het risico op een hartaanval en een beroerte. Vele sporters protesteren hiertegen omdat een hoger per centum aan rode bloedcellen ook iets zijn wat bij Hun aangeboren is, maar ook door veel op hoogte Te trainen kan je je per centum rode bloedcellen verhogen. Dit maakt het beleid natuurlijk erg lastig. Vooral omdat het per centum rode bloedcellen ook dus op een andere manier kan stijgen. Een verboden middel ALSs EPO is dus niet verboden ALSs je er een beetje new wave gebruikt, terwijl een spoortje Anabole stero A ; iuml ; den Al voor een schorsing zorgt. Dit zorgt natuurlijk voor veel discussie in de sportwereld. Om toch de gezondheid new wave sporters in de gaten te houden is de gezondheidscontrole ingevoerd. Zolang er nog geen manier is gevonden om EPO gebruik aan Te tonen, is dit de enige manier om het gebruik proberen Te beperken. Vervangers van EPO Er zijn ook andere manieren om dezelfde effecten van EPO Te krijgen zonder de nadelen die eraan vastzitten. Zoals voorgenoemde, heated leven en trainen op een hoogte.Door de lagere hoeveelheid zuurstof in de lucht, stimuleert het lichaam de aanmaak van excess rode bloedcellen. Echter niet zoveel ALSs EPO digital audiotape doet en het bloed wordt ook niet dikker. Daarnaast worden de longen en het Hart sterker door het trainen op hoogte, ze moeten op hoogte namelijk harder werken om genoeg zuurstof Te blijven geven aan het lichaam om inspanning blijven te verrichten. Verschillende soorten EPO – Eerste generatie Ontwikkeld in 1977, werd uit urine gehaald. – Eerste generatie Ontwikkeld in 1977, werd uit urine gehaald. Twee generatie Deze discrepancy werd vanaf 1987 gebruikt, hieraan overleden vijf Nederlandse wielrenners. Deze variant werd met behulp new wave genetische technieken geproduceerd. Door deze genetische technieken kon EPO in grote hoeveelheden geproduceerd worden. Derde generatie Deze generatie kwam in 2007 op de markt, Cera. Het is de afkorting new wave â€Å" uninterrupted erythropoiesis receptor activator † . En is een middel digital audiotape wordt gebruikt ALSs geneesmiddel bij bloedarmoede of ter voorkoming new wave bloedarmoede bij kankerpati A ; euml ; nten tijdens de chemokuur Een voordel new wave dot middel is dat je het maar een keer in de drie A ; aacute ; vier weken hoeft Te gebruiken. Vierde generatie Er is een vierde generatie new wave EPO op komst, dot middel zou ontraceerbaar zijn. Het gaat hierbij om een vorm new wave gentherapie. In welke sporten wordt EPO het meest gebruikt? EPO wordt het meest gebruikt bij duursporten zoals wielrennen en marathonlopen. Voor sprinters heeft heated gebruiken new wave EPO geen nut omdat dice sowieso verzuren tijdens heated sporten. Dit gebeurt doordat zij in een zeer korte tijd zoveel inspanning leveren, de spieren hebben in A ; eacute ; A ; eacute ; n keer heel veel zuurstof nodig, hier kan het bloed ALSs het ware niet tegen transporteren. Het gebruik new wave EPO heeft dus weinig consequence voor sprinters omdat die Al onder anaerobe condities rennen. Sprinten is heel explosief, opeens hebben de spieren heel veel zuurstof nodig. Het bloed kan nooit zoveel zuurstof vervoeren. Ook niet met behulp new wave EPO. Voorbeelden new wave EPO gebruikers Ook aan de manus new wave deze voorbeelden zien we dat EPO voornamelijk wordt gebruikt bij duursporten. Conclusie Het hoofddoel new wave dot onderzoek was onderzoeken wat het consequence new wave EPO is op je sportprestaties. Dit werd onderzocht met behulp van de volgende deelvragen. Wat is heated consequence new wave EPO op heated menselijk lichaam Hoe EPO je sportprestaties be amp ; iuml ; nvloed. Welke sporten EPO het meeste consequence heeft. Het antwoord op de eerste vraag, Wat is heated consequence new wave EPO op heated menselijk lichaam? EPO is een hormoon digital audiotape de productie van rode bloedcellen in de lever en nieren stimuleert. Het zorgt er dus voor de je lichaam meer zuursof kan opnemen. De tweede vraag was hoe be amp ; iuml ; nvloed EPO je sportprestaties? Het is gegeven digital audiotapes een sporter dice EPO gebruikt, meer zuurstof kan vervoeren en zal dus minder snel verzuren dan een sporter dice geen EPO gebruikt. Het zorgt Er dus voor digital audiotape je het ALSs EPO gebruikende sporter langer vol kan houden dan de sporter dice geen EPO gebruikt. De laatste deelvraag was op welke sporten EPO het meeste consequence heeft. Het antwoord op deze vraag is bij duursporten, denk aan wielrennen en ski A ; euml ; n, zoals in de voorbeelden ook Te zien is. Bij sprinters heeft het geen consequence omdat sprinten heel explosief is, de spieren hebben op korte tijd heel veel zuurstof nodig. Het bloed kan nooit zoveel zuurstof vervoeren. Ook niet met behulp new wave EPO. Het antwoord op de hoofdvraag, Wat is heated consequence new wave EPO op je sportprestaties? Hangt dus ook af new wave wat voor soort athletics je beoefend. Als je een sprinter set zal EPO geen consequence hebben op je sportprestaties. Maar ALSs je een wielrenner of een andere duursporter set zal EPO wel degelijk consequence hebben op je sportprestaties. Je spieren zullen door het gebruik new wave EPO minder snel verzuren en zo zal je langer in staat zijn optimale inspanning te leveren. Maar je moet jezelf natuurlijk afvragen of winnen met heated gebruik new wave doping je wel voldoening brengt. Bronvermelding Wordlingo: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/nl/Erythropoietin # cite_note-Haroon_2003-1 Kennislink: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kennislink.nl/publicaties/dossier-epo Rice: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rice.edu/~jenky/sports/epo.html Medical Footings: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp? articlekey=7032 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/erythropoietin/article.htm Kennislink: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kennislink.nl/publicaties/epo-doping-in-toom RTL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rtl.nl/ % 28/actueel/rtlnieuws/buitenland/ % 29/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2007/ 05_mei/24/buitenland/0524_1330_wat_is_epo.xml How to cite Effect van EPO, Essay examples

Since Im At Work Now, Ill Try To Type This Out With A Minimum Of Tears

Since I'm at work now, I'll try to type this out with a minimum of tears, although my heart is still aching. This morning I learned that Jerry Garcia passed away. Why should I care about a rock star who I don't even know? Why should I feel any pain? Why should I even take the time to write this? I have asked myself these questions. But I feel compelled, and the answer will lie in this letter. The unfortunate first words I heard about his death were from a jerk at work who was callously telling somebody on the phone, "Yeah, he probably died of a drug overdose or something." My mind went numb, knowing the sometimes joked-about day is here, for me, and for all who appreciated his music. To communicate just how much impact this passing has on my life, I think it's important to tell you that music has had an immense impact on me, and I think that it does on everybody - whether it be Garcia's, Tool's, Mozart's or Lawrence Welk's. It is my belief that most people unfortunately go through life with a limited recognition of the influence that music has on them. Even though most of us financially float a megabillion dollar music industry, I think that most people never consciously think about it. Think about it now. We dance, buy incredible stereo systems, new CDs, make our children take tuba lessons, watch MTV, wait in ticket lines, and hold a belief in the possibility that Morrison and Presley are still alive and sit in running, parked cars to listen to the end of a songs that we love - just because of that magic moment when music causes chills to spread from somewhere deep within, giving us goose bumps. Music motivates us to action. Music directly affects almost everybody's actions at one time or another. It is a natural high that most of us have paid to get. I first listened to the Grateful Dead at college, and immediately slammed my ears closed on what I deemed "country music." U2, REM, the Psychedlic Furs, the Cars and other progressive, early `80s rock and roll were the only stripes that I flew, and proudly. It wasn't until I was taken to a series of 3 shows at the Spectrum in Phila. in September, 1988, that my mind and heart were opened to Jerry's music - what I would call enlightened, quality, mature music. This series of shows planted a seed in my life that eventually grew and intertwined with other aspects of my personal life, including interests, hobbies and relationships. What shocked me about the Dead was the two drummers, the oriental carpets, the zealotry of the fans, the strength and vitality of Bob Weir's stage presence and most of all, the absolute mastery of guitar that Jerry showed. I had no idea he was that good. If that show was a door opening, then the 2nd night of the series was when I walked though it. On the second night, the show was so incredible that every song seemed to run right into one another. I gained a new way of listening, loving and judging music. The Dead seemed to have perfect timing - every one of Phil's huge bass plunks was countered by one of Jerry's high-pitched leads. Brent Mydland had an immense, gruff voice. The drums were steady, persistant and timeless, like the chug of a railroad engine. All of this entertainment was held aloft by the high flying antics of Garcia's guitar, which I saw as a multicolored circus of sound. After the show, we hopped into a old AMC gremlin splattered with tie dye bumper stickers and slammed in The Golden Road - one of the first Dead studio releases. This was more than testosterone-filled, teenage-angst rock. What I used to think of the Dead (like old hippy country music) after that live performance had been transformed into a grooving, melodic rock and roll with a power and soul that I had never heard before. Each lick of Jerry's guitar was a magical gift, like a solitary sunset or glassy, empty ocean swells. Like learning to ski, or like learning to surf, I was incredibly drawn to this new realm of excitement - music - and I had, (by the next night - my 3rd show), made the drop and landed on my two feet flat down square in the middle of the golden road to being a deadhead. The world of the Grateful Dead

How to Write a Fight Scene 5 Simple Steps To Action-Filled Fights

How to Write a Fight Scene 5 Simple Steps To Action-Filled Fights How to Write a Fight Scene When tensions are high, honor is questioned, and lives may even be at stake, you know what time it is: time for a killer showdown. You’ve been building toward this explosive moment for pages, maybe your entire book, but now you come to a screeching halt - you have no idea how to write a fight scene!Fortunately, it’s not as complicated as you might think. Follow these 5 simple steps to write a fight scene that releases story tension, solves inter-character conflict, and satisfies the anxious expectations of your reader all at once. How to create a breath-stealing fight scene in just 5 steps Step 1. Motivate your playersWhen was the last time you saw someone start throwing punches out of nowhere? Probably never. Whether it’s over a lifelong grudge or a few heated words at a bar, people need believable motivation to start a fight in both real life and in fiction.Here are a few ideas to motivate your characters’ confrontations. Whichever you choose, use it as the catalyst for your fight scene, as well as to add the necessary layers of depth and complexity.SurvivalSurvival is an important motivation for any character, but especially for protagonists in horror and dystopian novels. For instance, Katniss in The Hunger Games has no choice but to attack and kill her fellow adolescent opponents if she wants to survive. However, this need to survive can escalate any physical fight, such as the gang rumbles in The Outsiders, where someone could pull out a knife at any moment. Just remember: for survival to be a credible character motivation, the situation has to be a bsolutely dire. Have you ever written a fight scene before? How did you do it? Comment below to add your own unique tips!

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing In February of 2012, PETA discovered that Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder had resumed animal testing. The three companies had each been cruelty-free for over 20 years, but since China requires cosmetics to be tested on animals, all three companies now pay for their products to be tested on animals. For a short while, Urban Decay also planned to start animal testing but announced in July of 2012 that they would not test on animals and would not sell in China. While none of these are completely vegan companies, they have been considered cruelty-free because they did not test on animals. Urban Decay takes the extra step of identifying vegan products with a purple paw symbol, but not all Urban Decay products are vegan. Testing cosmetics and personal care products on animals are not required by U.S. law unless the product contains a new chemical. In 2009, the European Union banned cosmetics testing on animals, and that ban went into full effect in 2013. In 2011, U.K. officials announced an intention to ban animal testing of household products, but that ban has not yet been enacted. Avon and Animal Testing Avons animal welfare policy now states: Some select products may be required by law in a few countries to undergo additional safety testing, which potentially includes animal testing, under the directive of a government or health agency. In these instances, Avon will first attempt to persuade the requesting authority to accept non-animal test data. When those attempts are unsuccessful, Avon must abide by local laws and submit the products for additional testing. According to Avon, testing their products on animals for these foreign markets is not new, but it appears that PETA removed them from the cruelty-free list because PETA has become more aggressive advocates in the global arena. Avons Breast Cancer Crusade (funded by Avons popular breast cancer walk) is on the Humane Seal list of approved charities that dont fund animal research. Estee Lauder Estee Lauders animal testing statement reads, We do not conduct animal testing on our products or ingredients, nor ask others to test on our behalf, except when required by law. Mary Kay Mary Kays animal testing policy explains: Mary Kay does not conduct animal testing on its products or ingredients, nor ask others to do so on its behalf, except when absolutely required by law. There is only one country where the company operates – among more than 35 around the world – where that is the case and where the company is required by law to submit products for testing – China. Urban Decay Of the four companies, Urban Decay had had the most support in the vegan/animal rights community because they identify their vegan products with a purple paw symbol. The company even distributes free samples through The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics, which certifies cruelty-free companies with their Leaping Bunny symbol. While Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder may have offered some vegan products, they had not specifically marketed those products to vegans and did not make it easy to identify their vegan products. Urban Decay had planned to sell their products in China, but received so much negative feedback, the company reconsidered: After careful consideration of many issues, we have decided not to start selling Urban Decay products in China . . . Following our initial announcement, we realized that we needed to step back, carefully review our original plan, and talk to a number of individuals and organizations that were interested in our decision. We regret that we were unable to respond immediately to many of the questions we received, and appreciate the patience our customers have shown as we worked through this difficult issue. Urban Decay is now back on the Leaping Bunny list and PETAs cruelty-free list. While Avon, Estee Lauder, and Mary Kay claim to oppose animal testing, as long as they are paying for animal tests anywhere in the world, they can no longer be considered cruelty-free.

Political and Cultural Consequences of Neo-Liberalism Essay

Political and Cultural Consequences of Neo-Liberalism - Essay Example This theory suggests that individual entrepreneurial freedom can be achieved inside an institutional framework that is distinguished by strong private property rights, free markets, and free trade. Neo-liberalism, as a theory, requires that the role of the state should be to create and protect the already developed institutional framework. The state, therefore, should set up all the necessary mechanisms such as the military, defence, police, and legal structures to secure such institutions. When this is done, the state would have guaranteed property rights and proper functioning markets. Furthermore, the law of neo-liberalism states that if markets are nonexistent, then the government must create them (Harvey, 2005:1). The state is not supposed to go beyond creation of markets and necessary institutions. This means that the state should not interfere with the markets once created. It should keep a minimal role because according to this theory, the government does not have sufficient knowledge on market undertakings. Moreover, some people in the market may influence state policy for their own gains. Deregulation of market functioning, privatisation of companies, and removal of the government interference have been the strongest terms of neo-liberalism in the world today (Foucault, 2008:2). A neoliberal government is thus committed to instituting and favouring strong individual property rights, effective rule of law for all its citizens, and freely enabled trade. According to the theory, these are the fundamental institutional structures regarded indispensable to guarantee freedom of the market. The market then requires a legal structure that is liberally bargained in terms of contractual efforts among the market players. These contractual obligations between individuals, would lead to the protection of individual rights to freedom of operation, right to expression, and choice. According to the theory of liberalism, therefore, the state has to use its monopoly po wer to supervise and oversee the markets at all costs. On the other hand, while the state ensures individual rights in the marketplace, each person is held accountable and liable for their own wellbeing. The principle of neo-liberalism in many countries has extended into economical, political and social-cultural spheres (Leys, 2001:14). Having neo-liberalism defined in the above discussion, this paper seeks to unveil the political and cultural consequences of neo-liberalism. First, this paper puts the political consequences of neo-liberalism into perspective. Therefore, the political consequences of the theory of liberalism as destroying the global democracy, governance, and security of individuals take centre stage. The political neoliberals have distorted the fundamental pillars of global social organisation. Political neo-liberalism is the interaction between the state organs and individuals to influence choices. It is a form of social structure, which moulds the behaviours and a ctions of individuals. Neo-liberalism as a subset of globalisation has led to neoliberal politics that have caused massive deprivation among the poor in many regions around the world. Moreover, neo-liberalism policies qualify as both positive and negative depending of the degree of application (Leys, 2001:14). Neo-liberalism in most parts of the world has led to the formation of strong fiscal policies. Many governments have had to practice strict criteria in the effort to limit budget deficiencies and debts. Through this practice, most of the states have given priorities to public expenditure. Such that, far from subsidies and other

A Reader's Response to Gilman's If I Were A Man in Gilman's Short Essay

A Reader's Response to Gilman's If I Were A Man in Gilman's Short Story - Essay Example However, she also feels the animosities of men against women. She tries to defend women’s abilities and sensibilities. Most especially, in the ending, Mollie questions how religion attacks women. I can relate to Mollie’s feelings as man, where she awakens to the possibilities of being a human being who has rights and responsibilities. â€Å"If I Were a Man† is about a woman who understands the beauty of being a man. I have not exactly experienced what Mollie felt, because in my family, women are respected as equals of men. Nevertheless, I know women who are treated as chattel. It is the modern times, but some men can be so Neanderthal when it comes to their women. I know men like Gerald, who treat their wives shabbily, because they are women per se. In my experience, some women like Mollie have turned into men, because their men have been debilitated by disease or accidents. As a result, they have to be the breadwinners of their family. I understand how Mollie fe els, because I have also heard about women’s experiences in being figuratively a man and how they felt happier and stronger. As men, these women begin to understand the frivolities of women. Chrissie, a relative of ours, used to love buying the latest fashionable attire, but when her husband becomes paralyzed, because of an accident, she works three jobs to make ends meet. Talking with her no longer revolves around fashion, but around practical matters. Mollie sees hats as silly as a man does: â€Å"And all that money just for hats--idiotic, useless, ugly things!† (Gilman). Chrissie also finds fashion as fleeting and unessential to a woman’s essence. She also cuts her hair, which makes her manlier too, and yet in a vital sense, it has freed her. Chrissie says: â€Å"I cut my hair and I feel and think like a man. I feel so free to do everything I want.† She states that she understand now that a woman’s place should never be in a home only, unless th eir husbands value their contribution and never make them worry about financial conditions. She is a classic example of a woman who has changed her perspective about being a woman. More importantly, these women-turned-man feel tired from each day’s work, but less stressed; in short, they are happier because of the freedoms they have. â€Å"Talking† is a motif in the story. As people came and â€Å"talked† to Gerald, it stands for the political and social empowerment of men. Men can easily interact with other men and talk about political and social issues anytime. They have a â€Å"voice† in society. Marie, a woman whose husband died because of lung cancer, also feels the same way. She says that before, she does not care about social and political affairs, but now she does. She says: â€Å"As a taxpayer, I deserve to know where my money goes.† I realize how being a woman can limit their participation in the public space. Furthermore, Mollie reveals man’s economic power and its role in their self-confidence: â€Å"†¦she felt what she had never felt before in all her life--the possession of money, of her own earned money†¦hers† (Gilman). This statement underscores how a woman feels to have money of her own. She does not have to beg, tease, or wheedle to have money given to them by their husbands. Bills suddenly do not have to be something to be stressed of, but something that can be rid of through hard work and perseverance. These women are stronger, because they have acquired a man’

Copernicus Essay -- essays research papers

Copernicus has been named one of the most influential people this millennia by Time Magazine; in part for his movements in though during the scientific revolution; creating a basis for modern astronomy and challenging the Church (of the 15th century) to lead the way to a reform in thinking. He did so by disproving (mathematically) a theory of the heavens that had existed for almost 14 centuries, established by a man named Charles Ptolemy in 250 AD. Copernicus revolutionized astronomy by creating a solid basis for it to stand on, discovering that "The Earth was not the centre of the cosmos, but rather one celestial body among many, as it became subject to mathematical description." He compiled a manuscript of his theories, including the retrogressive behaviour of the planets, cause by the Earth's daily rotation on its axis and yearly revolution around the sun. Much of Copernicus' influence was rooted in the minds of men for years, perhaps because his theories were not fully understood or appreciated until many years after his death in 1543. Finally, Nicolaus Copernicus had a theory published (anonymously) that went against Catholic Church authority, a very bold step for someone in that era. The Church relented, and allowed the circulation of the manuscript.The Ptolemic System, up until the 1510s was the only way of thinking about the solar system as they knew it. The Church firmly believed the Earth was the centre of the universe, and as far as the community in that era was concerned, the Church's way of thinking was the correct way of thinking. For a great many years, the Ptolemic System had ruled the minds of astronomers; the Earth was the centre of the universe, and that Mercury, Venus, our Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Sun all revolved around the Earth. As Copernicus recorded the movements of Mars, he noticed a peculiar pattern in its movements. Every night, its position differed slightly, mostly travelling west, then for a few days east again, then continuing west. He called the phenomenon retrograde motion, and it seemed to explain a rotation of the Earth. During his years as a student in universities (1491-1503), he found the first defects in the Ptolemic System, and after much concentration, he developed a manuscript with his theories of the Heaven in 1514, De revoltionibus orbium coelestium, libri (English Translation: On the Re... ...uestioned in Italy, and many new theories were being constructed. The expansion in thinking gave way for astronomers like Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei who further revolutionized astronomy as we know it today.Nicolaus Copernicus, born Mikolaj Kopernik, of Thorn, Poland accomplished a great many things, some we take for granted. He created an infinite number of possibilities of directions for astronomy to take. He expanded the minds of humans everywhere, and especially those of the Catholic Church. His manuscript De Revolutionibus created quite a stir, and raised a following among the students he lectured infrequently. "Considered the father of modern astronomy, he completely revolutionized science in the 1500s, giving way to others with radical theories to present them, and be accepted, not rejected." By the time of Copernicus' passing, most of Europe was thirsting for more information. What he contributed to astronomy will not be forgotten, and many new ideas sha ll rise because of his radical thinking, making him truly worthy of being 'The father of Modern Astronomy," and being placed on Time Magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the millenia.

Chad Presentation

Population- -The Republic of Chad has a population of 11,525,496. -The population density of Chad is 8 per sq km. (23 per sq mi) Politics/Government- -The Republic of Chad is a Presidential Republic. -The President is Idriss Deby and the Prime Minister is Emmanuel Nadingar. -Over all peaceful. -Has many allied countries. -High tensions with Libya, Nigeria, & The Central African Republic. -Eligible for preferential trades benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. Dominate Religions- -51% Islam -35% Christian -7% Animist -7% OtherCulture- -People are called Chadians. -Chad society/culture unstudied and relatively unknown to the outside world. Major Physical Features- -Landlocked country in north central Africa. -85% size of Alaska. -Lake Chad on western border with Niger & Nigeria. -Sahara Desert in the north. -Lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m. -Highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m. Weather/Climate- -North is arid/ desert. -South is tropical. Brief History- -Earliest hu man/prehuman skull discovered by Michel Brunet in 2002 was beryllium dated to 5 million bce. 900ce Several small states began to form in chad by indigenous africans and a minority of arabs. -Kanem empire originated to the northeast of Lake Chad. -1396ce Bulala invaders from the north forced Kanem people towards Lake Chad. -Kanem people intertwined with the Bornu people near lake chad to be called Kanembu people. -Sayfawa dynasty ruled Kanembu (Kanem-Bornu) people. -Sayfawa dynasty ended in 1846, Then the empire itself fell in 1893. -French first entered Chad in 1891 -Decisive colonial battle for Chad fought on April 22, 1900 at Battle of Kousseri. During WWII Chad was the first french colony to rejoin the allies. (August 26,1940) -Under the administration of Felix Eboue, Chad troops moved to engage axis Libya. -Chadian Democratic Union founded November 1947. -August 11, 1960 Chad became an independent country under the rule of Francois Tombalbaye. -1975 Tombalbaye overthrown and rep laced with prime minister Hissene Habre. -Civil war from 1979-82 split Chad into 11 Factions. -Habre regained power after civil war and kept it until 1990. Idriss Deby, Habre’s leading general defected in 1989 and became president in December 1990. Current Events- -Droughts becoming more and more common in Sahara Desert region. -Flooding near Lake Chad has killed 24 people and left about 70,000 homeless. -Wanted Sudan leader is in Chad hiding out from the International Criminal Court for war crimes. -Red Cross worker recently abducted in Chad now free. Education Availability- -Schools in Chad largely based off of the French education system. -Chad scholars becoming largely known in recent years.

Put Call Parity And Prices Of European Put Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3817 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? People who have done financial mathematics before or worked in financial area must be familiar with a terminology called put-call parity. The put-call parity (PCP) describes the relationship between the prices of European put and call options with the same exercise price and time to maturity. It shows that the value of a European call with certain strike price and exercise date can be deduced from the value of a European put with the same strike price and exercise date, and vice versa. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Put Call Parity And Prices Of European Put Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It is an option pricing concept that requires the value of call and put options to be in equilibrium to prevent arbitrage. The concept of PCP is especially important when trading synthetic positions. When there is a mispricing between an instrument and its synthetic position, an options arbitrage opportunity exists. Arbitrageurs would step in to make profitable, risk-free trades until the departure from put-call parity is eliminated. Knowing how these trades work can give the investor a better feel for how put options, call options and the underlying stock are all interrelated. 1.2 Aims and objectives of the research There are quite a lot studies on the test of the PCP. Tests of the put/call parity theory have yielded mixed results, though most have been supportive of the underlying concept. But in most of these tests, there had been a priori assumption that PCP theory was indeed valid. However, in reality, the extrinsic value of put and  call options are rarely in exact parity in option trading even though  market makers have been charged with the responsibility of maintaining PCP. When the outlook of a stock is bullish, the extrinsic value of call options tend to be higher than put options due to higher  implied volatility and when the outlook of a stock is bearish, the extrinsic value of put options tends to be higher than call options. This dissertation examines the basic validity of the PCP theory with no assumptions concerning its inherent validity and finds that PCP does not exist in the pricing of options contracts. Also, this dissertation is to work out the deviation from the put-call parity, investigates and explains the deviation by using econometric models. At last, the author will answer the question:why does the put-call parity not hold? As mentioned in chapter 2, we know the PCP is an important financial definition. However, since the PCP was developed, large amount of tests had been carried out. Tests of the PCP theory have yielded mixed results, but majority of the tests had a similar result: the put-call parity was invalid. 3.1 The put-call parity was valid As mentioned before, the PCP was developed by Stoll (1969) to establish a relationship between the prices of put and call options. However, later he recognised that in the real financial world, some factors like transactions costs and taxes could affect the results. By assuming the appropriate interest rate was the three-month Treasury rate and adding this rate into his data, Stoll tested two sets of data which were regular companies and new business. The results showed that there were problems with the coefficient of the interest rate term. He again recognised that there were some other factors could affect the interest rate term, so despite those the problems, Stoll then concluded that the PCP theory was reasonably valid. By looking through previous studies, Klemkosky and Resnick (1979) found that these studies consisted with the PCP, they also pointed out that in the relationship some inefficiency found to exist (put call parity and market efficiency). However, the options ma rket in 1979 is different from 10 years ago. They recognised that the structure of the options markets has been changed, therefore some of the previously noted defects needed to be amended. They added a dividend term into the original model. The empirical results showed that about half long hedges tests and short hedges tests were profitable. That means the models tested were consistent with the PCP theory. Later in 1980, Klemkosky and Resnick found that there was perfect foresight characteristic in their previous work, so they corrected their model by adding the time lag in. A number of hedges showed profitability as well. That was again concluded that PCP and market efficiency obtained. There were still other studies which concluded the PCP was valid, however, according to the objects of this dissertation which was trying to find out the invalidation of the PCP theory, we are now focus on the studies which concluded the PCP was invalid. 3.2 The put call parity was invalid 3.2A The put call parity on the European options Loudon (1988) tested the PCP by providing Australian evidence. He collected the data of the prices of identical put and call options together with the underlying share price from the Sydney Stock Exchange Market during the calendar year of 1985. The empirical results showed that observed violations of the theory are existed, which are the boundary violations. He did some analysis of these violations. He tested the effects of some factors: institutional factors, price non-simultaneity, transaction costs, stock price range, time to maturity and in or out of the money category. He found that these observed violations cannot be explained by the presence of non-simultaneous price data. There is no significant relationship was found between the extent of price non-simultaneity and observed violations. However, the existence of transaction costs shows to have the most significant influence on the violations observed. Taylor (1990) found the violation from PCP by providing evidence of t he pricing of options traded on the Australian Options Market (AOM). He collected AOM data for BHP and Woodside from 1982 to 1985. The derivation of put call relationship assumes frictionless markets, which mean transaction costs, differential of borrowing and lending rates and taxes are all assumed not to exist. He tested the PCP theory and found several evidences of violation of the parity conditions. But violations of this type were not that easy to develop after putting possible transaction costs into consideration. Although the existence of these violations cannot be explained by transaction costs, they do provide a rationale for their non-exploitation. According to Guo and Su (2006), the original PCP may not apply to the heavily traded options on dividend-paying securities, because the original put-call parity relations assumed that the underlying security does not pay dividends before the expiration of the options. However, in the real economic world a mass of stocks and a lmost all stock indices pay dividends. Therefore, their tests were based on the reality that the underlying security pays dividends; they improved the put-call parity formula. The tests presented a variation of the relations when the underlying securities pay dividends. The results provided theoretical scopes for the options prices when the underlying stock pays dividend. Also the results spread out application of put-call parity relations to all options on currencies and dividend-paying stocks and stock indices. Brunetti and Torricelli (2003) tested the PCP by focusing on a European market, the Italian Mib30 index option market (MibO), rather than on North American markets. They collected the data from the period 1 September 2002 to 31 December 2002. They tested the PCP in the total absence of frictions in the first step, and then in the second step they added the bid-ask spread into the analysis. Finally the commission costs had been included as well. The result showed that dur ing the analysis period, the Mibo market was efficient. Also the role of frictions in the tests of the PCP has been stood out. Ahn, Byoun and Park (2003) researched arbitrage opportunities of the KOSPI 200 options in Korea, a relatively new market but the fastest growing and the most actively traded index option market in the world. Their tests focus on the PCP conditions, such as: transaction costs. The data they used was composed of KOSPI 200 options from January 1998 to September 1999, but excluding the first several months because of possible unusual activities at the beginning section. They found that overall there were a reasonable quantity of violations of the PCP conditions. The frequency of violation ranges from 25.4% to 49.9% for different time periods. Li (2006) focused on the arbitrage efficiency of the Nikkei 225 index options market in the Osaka Securities Exchange (OSE) with the purpose of providing evidence on the size and frequency of the arbitrage opportuniti es in the PCP framework. He investigated the arbitrage efficiency of the Nikkei 225 options market by using both an ex post and ex ante test. The ex post test showed that there 2.74 percent of the sample violations of the PCP and 22.62 index points arbitrage profit for the OSE firms. The ex ante test showed that both the two numbers are decreased because of time lag. Then Li used the regression analysis to support the ex post and ex ante tests results. To conclude, there was no strong evidence against the efficiency of the Nikkei 225 options market. Kamara and Miller (1995) tested the PCP condition using European options to avoid the early exercise problem. They collected the data from the Standard and Poors 500 stock index traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE). By using daily and intra-daily prices, they found violations of PCP are much less frequent and smaller than those previously studies which using American options. The result showed that the deviations from P CP conditions are related to the liquidity risk in the stock and options markets. Therefore, the frequency and size of deviations increased with the increasing of liquidity risk. They pointed out that the bid prices of call and put options rise related to their PCP-implied bid prices and the ask prices fall related to their PCP-implied ask price. Moreover, the results suggest that the trading strategies underlying PCP are subject to significant liquidity risk. 3.2B Put-Call parity on the American options There are few studies of PCP on the American options. Merton (1973) showed PCP need not hold for the American options because the possibility of early put exercise cannot be completely eliminated when the portfolio is established. Evnine and Rudd (1985) used the SP100 options and Major Markets Index (MMI) to test both European PCP and American PCP. The result showed that there were a significant number of potential profit opportunities. The call overpricing violations for both the SP100 and MMI occurred throughout the period. The options frequently violate the arbitrage boundary and the PCP; also, the options are substantially mispriced relative to theoretical values. Gould and Galai (1974) tested the PCP on securities by adding the transaction costs in. They found that the transactions costs must be assumed to make the model comply with the data. The basic model was supported after including rather large transactions costs. They also found that similar deviations from the ef ficient market hypothesis have shown up in related study by other researchers; however their explanations of these results appeared to be incorrect on theoretical scopes. 3.3 Deviations from the put-call parity Any deviations from the PCP can be used by investors to make riskless profits. Martijn and David (2007) investigated violation from PCP by using different implied volatility or volatility spread between call and put options with the same underlying price, the same strike price and the same expiration date. They found that deviations from PCP contain information about later coming stock prices. There was significant evidence of predictability. By controlling for size, they found that deviations from PCP are more possible to appear when underlying stocks face more information risk. Overall, they suggested that the price of an option could be affected by its demands. Ariful, Meher and Geoffrey (2004) tested the impact of transactions cost on deviations from PCP properties. They used the foreign exchange options which traded on the Philadelphia Exchange (PHLX) from 01 August 2005 to 31 July 2006. By using the intra-daily option, they studied the impact of alternative measures of transaction cost on PCP deviations. Three measures of transaction costs were used: first, a minimum transactions cost that involve only initial bid-ask spreads; second, transaction costs associated with trades closed out prior to expiration; and third, a total transaction costs measure. The results indicated how transactions costs can impact the interpretation of deviations from PCP. 3.4 Summary As mentioned previously, there were many studies on the PCP; most of them had a similar result which indicated that the PCP was not hold in the real financial society. The transaction costs are one of the reasons that had been showed in most of the studies. Also, there are deviations from the PCP. Any deviations from the PCP can be used by investors to make riskless profits. Some studies indicated that transaction costs can impact the interpretation of deviations from the PCP. Chapter 4 Methodology This chapter describes the methodology in the study and the procedures for data collection and data analysis. Methodology includes the following concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry: a collection of theories, concepts or ideas; comparative study of different approaches; and critique of the individual methods. Methodology refers to more than a simple set of methods; rather it refers to the rationale and the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular study relative to the scientific method. In this dissertation, the author is going to test the put-call parity by using the most recently options data. The author will work out the deviation from the put-call parity. By using the deviation as a dependent variable and put into a simple regression model, the author will find the factors that can affect the deviation. Also, the author will explain the bid and offer price which appear in the data. 4.1 The regression model Regression models are used to predict one variable from one or more other variables. Also, regression models provide the scientist with a powerful tool, allowing predictions about past, present, or future events to be made with information about past or present events. In order to explain the deviation from put-call parity, the author uses a regression model. The model is as the following: In this regression model, diff (the deviation) is the dependent variable, ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ (time to expiry), r (risk-free rate), St (the current price of the underlying), and K (strike price) are the explanatory variables. The error term is uÃÆ'Å’Ã ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡. The deviation (diff) is the difference between the two portfolios in the put-call parity. As what has been mentioned in chapter 2, Portfolio A is the call option + an amount of cash equal to K*exp (-r*ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾); Portfolio B is the put option + one share. Let diff = Portfolio B Portfolio A = (p + S t)-(c + K*exp (-r*ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾)). If diff is positive, that means portfolio B is over-priced relative to portfolio A, and vice versa. It is obvious that the put-call parity does not hold in the real economic world, there might be some reasons. By doing a simple regress on the above model, the author will find out which explanatory has significant effect on the dependent variable. In the option data the author collected, there are two different option prices, the bid and offer. So the above model will change to the following two models: 4.2 The option data The author is going to briefly describe the option data that has been used in the test of put-call parity. The European option data that used in the test is called CBOE RUSSELL 2000 INDEX-RUT. The CBOE Russell 2000 (RUT) Index is a leading benchmark for the performance of small-capitalization stocks. The CBOE Russell 2000 Index was created in 1984 by Frank Russell Company and was designed to track the performance of small-cap companies. RUT options make it simple to participate in the small-cap market. (COBE website, 2010) All the European options started at 1 to 30 April 2009, with variety ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ (time to expiry) from 2days to 626days. The American option data that used in the test is called AFLAC INC. AFLAC Incorporated (AFLAC) is a general business holding company and acts as a management company, overseeing the operations of its subsidiaries.  AFLAC sells supplemental health insurance policies to more than 40 million people worldwide. Because 80 pe rcent of the companys sales are made in Japan, it has been asking the federal government to pressure Japan to open its insurance markets to more competition. The company also lobbies on a variety of health care issues, including the battle over escalating prescription drug prices. (Open Secrets, 2010) All the American options started at 1 to 30 April 2009, with variety ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ (time to expiry) from 1days to 661days. The risk-free rate that is used in the model is the LIBOR rate. However, only up to one year LIBOR rate can be found, thus, the author left the options with more than 365days time to expiry out of the data. Then the ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ of all the European options is from 2 to 353, and ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ of all the American options is from 2 to 290. 4.3 Summary In this dissertation, the models are the main tool to investigate the topic. The stata is the main software that used in this dissertation. The most important models are only four, they are: Also, the author described the data that used in the dissertation, which are the most recently data collected from the yahoo finance. The LIBOR rate is also an important variable in doing the tests. The author collected the LIBOR rates from the ECOWIN, and used them into the tests. 5.3 Bid and Offer price The bid is the highest price that a prospective buyer is willing to pay for a specific security. The offer, also called the asking price, is the lowest price acceptable to a prospective seller of the same security. The highest bid and lowest offer are quoted on most major exchanges, and the difference between the two prices is called the bid-ask spread. The bid-offer spread is the amount by which the ask price exceeds the bid. This is essentially the difference in price between the highest price that  a buyer is willing to pay for an asset and the lowest price for which  a seller is willing to sell it. The size of the bid-offer spread in a security is one measure of the liquidity of the market and of the size of the  transaction cost. In the test of the European options, some differences had been showed between these two prices which are unexpected. Look back Figure 5.4, when bid prices are taken into the test, it was found that the deviation from PCP rises monotonically with increase in ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾. However, when offer prices had been used in the test, things changed. The deviation from PCP rises at a decreasing rate in ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾, and there is a peak point that the differences would start decreasing from that point if the time to expiry (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾) keeps on increasing. The previous studies had looked at similar difference in unexpected differences found in the test show here. Kalman and Steven (1981) found transaction costs causes bid-offer spreads. Also, Thomas and Francis (1993) examined the cross-sectional distribution of bid-ask spreads in the SP 100 index options market, in which they found cross-sectional differences in bid-ask spreads are directly related to differences in market-making costs. According to Harold (1968), the bid-offer spread is a recognised measure of liquidity costs in exchange traded securities and commodities. Almost all of the transaction cost, such as: brokerage f ees and bid-ask spreads are contained in the two elements of any orthonormal exchange. Under rival conditions the bid-ask spread measures the transaction costs immediately. The liquidity cost is the difference in price paid by an urgent buyer and received by an urgent seller. Because brokerage commissions do not vary with the time taken to complete a transaction, differences in bid-ask spread indicate differences in the liquidity cost. Therefore, after the above discussing, it can be concluded that the unexpected difference between bid and offer prices appeared in the previous tests is because of the transaction costs. The transaction costs can be measured by the bid-offer spreads. 5.4 Summary The author did the tests in order to find out the deviations from the PCP and discuss and explain these deviations. In focusing on the relationship between time to expiry and differences, it is showed that the longer the time to expiry, the larger the deviations, ceteris paribus. Thus, the deviations from put-call parity are more likely to occur in options with underlying stocks that face more information risk because the longer the time to expiry, the more risk need faced. At the end, the author explained the bid and offer prices, which caused the unexpected results during the tests. Chapter 6 Conclusion By looking at what has been previously discussed and all the results, the author can draw following conclusion: The PCP does not hold for both European and American options used in the research. The differences (diff_bid and diff_offer) between the two portfolios, A and B, are positive or negative, never zero. There is always deviation from the PCP. From the above research, when use the deviation from the PCP as a dependent variable in a model, there is evidence that all the explanatory variables in the model have significant effects on the dependent variable. European option: diff_bid = -18.5974** + 20.4371**ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ 0.9803**r + 0.0477**St 0.0060**K diff_offer = -22.1961** + 5.7477**ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ + 2.0043**r + 0.0402**St + 0.0085**K American option: diff_bid = -0.4627** + 1.1301**ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ + 0.0643**r + 0.0173**St + 0.0013**K diff_offer = -0.5666** + 0.9446**ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ + 0.1312**r + 0.0020**St + 0.0175** K ** indicates strong significance (p-value 0.01) This dissertation is interested in the effect of the time to expiry (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾) The results show there is evidence that time to expiry is positive significance, which the longer the time to expiry, the larger the deviations, ceteris paribus. There is an increasing heteroscedasticity relation between deviations and the time to expiry (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾), which would causes the incorrect of standard errors, t-rations and confidence intervals. Through using an option called robust to correct the standards errors regardless of the form of the heteroscedasticity. Also, the results showed a non-linear relation between deviations and the time to expiry (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾) when the squared of time to expiry (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²) was added into models. There is evidence that ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is also significant, but the effects are different depends on the option prices. There i s evidence that ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² has negative effect on the deviations from the chosen American option whatever the prices are. However, evidence showed that ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² has positive effects on the deviations from the chosen European option when the bid prices had been used and the effects are negative when the offer prices have been used. Later, after using a single polynomial regression model to work out the peak point of the difference at a certain time to expiry (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾), the results showed that, for the European option, when taken bid price, the ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ is a negative number which is impossible; when taken offer price, the peak point is equal to 10.7762 at ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾=1.2539. For the American option, peak point is 1.2090 at ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ = 1.3955 when its bid price; peak point is 1.1775 at ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ = 1.4115 when its offer price. At last, the author used the previous lite rature to explain the unexpected differences showed in the results. The failure of the PCP relationship has implications to asset pricing models like the Black/Scholes option pricing model. When PCP is a theoretical basis of the pricing model, then the pricing model may need to be revisited to determine whether or not it can be improved.